/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.flink.core.memory;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.EOFException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.BufferOverflowException;
import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Random;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

/**
 * Tests for the access and transfer methods of the HeapMemorySegment.
 */
public abstract class MemorySegmentTestBase {
	
	private final Random random = new Random();
	
	private final int pageSize;
	
	
	public MemorySegmentTestBase(int pageSize) {
		this.pageSize = pageSize;
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Access to primitives
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	abstract MemorySegment createSegment(int size);

	abstract MemorySegment createSegment(int size, Object owner);
	
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Access to primitives
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testByteAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions
			try {
				segment.put(-1, (byte) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(pageSize, (byte) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MAX_VALUE, (byte) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MIN_VALUE, (byte) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i < pageSize; i++) {
				segment.put(i, (byte) random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i < pageSize; i++) {
				assertEquals((byte) random.nextInt(), segment.get(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize);

				if (occupied[pos]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
				}

				segment.put(pos, (byte) random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize);

				if (occupied[pos]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
				}

				assertEquals((byte) random.nextInt(), segment.get(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}

	}

	@Test
	public void testBooleanAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions
			try {
				segment.putBoolean(-1, false);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putBoolean(pageSize, false);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putBoolean(Integer.MAX_VALUE, false);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putBoolean(Integer.MIN_VALUE, false);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getBoolean(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getBoolean(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getBoolean(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getBoolean(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i < pageSize; i++) {
				segment.putBoolean(i, random.nextBoolean());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i < pageSize; i++) {
				assertEquals(random.nextBoolean(), segment.getBoolean(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize);

				if (occupied[pos]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
				}

				segment.putBoolean(pos, random.nextBoolean());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize);

				if (occupied[pos]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
				}

				assertEquals(random.nextBoolean(), segment.getBoolean(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testCharAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions

			try {
				segment.putChar(-1, 'a');
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putChar(pageSize, 'a');
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putChar(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 'a');
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putChar(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 'a');
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putChar(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, 'a');
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getChar(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getChar(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getChar(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getChar(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getChar(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access 

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 2; i += 2) {
				segment.putChar(i, (char) (random.nextInt(Character.MAX_VALUE)));
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 2; i += 2) {
				assertEquals((char) (random.nextInt(Character.MAX_VALUE)), segment.getChar(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access 

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 1);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
				}

				segment.putChar(pos, (char) (random.nextInt(Character.MAX_VALUE)));
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 1);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
				}

				assertEquals((char) (random.nextInt(Character.MAX_VALUE)), segment.getChar(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testShortAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions

			try {
				segment.putShort(-1, (short) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putShort(pageSize, (short) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putShort(Integer.MIN_VALUE, (short) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putShort(Integer.MAX_VALUE, (short) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putShort(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, (short) 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getShort(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getShort(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getShort(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getShort(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getShort(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 2; i += 2) {
				segment.putShort(i, (short) random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 2; i += 2) {
				assertEquals((short) random.nextInt(), segment.getShort(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 1);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
				}

				segment.putShort(pos, (short) random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 1);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
				}

				assertEquals((short) random.nextInt(), segment.getShort(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testIntAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions

			try {
				segment.putInt(-1, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putInt(pageSize, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putInt(pageSize - 3, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putInt(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 3, 0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(pageSize - 3);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 3);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 4; i += 4) {
				segment.putInt(i, random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 4; i += 4) {
				assertEquals(random.nextInt(), segment.getInt(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 3);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
				}

				segment.putInt(pos, random.nextInt());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 3);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
				}

				assertEquals(random.nextInt(), segment.getInt(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testLongAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions

			try {
				segment.putLong(-1, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putLong(pageSize, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putLong(pageSize - 7, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putLong(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putLong(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putLong(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 7, 0L);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(pageSize - 7);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getLong(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 7);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 8; i += 8) {
				segment.putLong(i, random.nextLong());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 8; i += 8) {
				assertEquals(random.nextLong(), segment.getLong(i));
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 7);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3] ||
						occupied[pos + 4] || occupied[pos + 5] || occupied[pos + 6] || occupied[pos + 7])
				{
					continue;
				}
				else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
					occupied[pos+4] = true;
					occupied[pos+5] = true;
					occupied[pos+6] = true;
					occupied[pos+7] = true;
				}

				segment.putLong(pos, random.nextLong());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 7);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3] ||
						occupied[pos + 4] || occupied[pos + 5] || occupied[pos + 6] || occupied[pos + 7])
				{
					continue;
				}
				else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
					occupied[pos+4] = true;
					occupied[pos+5] = true;
					occupied[pos+6] = true;
					occupied[pos+7] = true;
				}

				assertEquals(random.nextLong(), segment.getLong(pos));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testFloatAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions

			try {
				segment.putFloat(-1, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putFloat(pageSize, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putFloat(pageSize - 3, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putFloat(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putFloat(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putFloat(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 3, 0.0f);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(pageSize - 3);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getFloat(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 3);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 4; i += 4) {
				segment.putFloat(i, random.nextFloat());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 4; i += 4) {
				assertEquals(random.nextFloat(), segment.getFloat(i), 0.0);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 3);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
				}

				segment.putFloat(pos, random.nextFloat());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 3);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3]) {
					continue;
				} else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
				}

				assertEquals(random.nextFloat(), segment.getFloat(pos), 0.0);
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testDoubleAccess() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			// test exceptions
			try {
				segment.putDouble(-1, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putDouble(pageSize, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putDouble(pageSize - 7, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putDouble(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putDouble(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.putDouble(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 7, 0.0);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(-1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(pageSize);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(pageSize - 7);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.getDouble(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 7);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, sequential access

			long seed = random.nextLong();

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 8; i += 8) {
				segment.putDouble(i, random.nextDouble());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			for (int i = 0; i <= pageSize - 8; i += 8) {
				assertEquals(random.nextDouble(), segment.getDouble(i), 0.0);
			}

			// test expected correct behavior, random access

			random.setSeed(seed);
			boolean[] occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 7);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3] ||
						occupied[pos + 4] || occupied[pos + 5] || occupied[pos + 6] || occupied[pos + 7])
				{
					continue;
				}
				else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
					occupied[pos+4] = true;
					occupied[pos+5] = true;
					occupied[pos+6] = true;
					occupied[pos+7] = true;
				}

				segment.putDouble(pos, random.nextDouble());
			}

			random.setSeed(seed);
			occupied = new boolean[pageSize];

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - 7);

				if (occupied[pos] || occupied[pos + 1] || occupied[pos + 2] || occupied[pos + 3] ||
						occupied[pos + 4] || occupied[pos + 5] || occupied[pos + 6] || occupied[pos + 7])
				{
					continue;
				}
				else {
					occupied[pos] = true;
					occupied[pos+1] = true;
					occupied[pos+2] = true;
					occupied[pos+3] = true;
					occupied[pos+4] = true;
					occupied[pos+5] = true;
					occupied[pos+6] = true;
					occupied[pos+7] = true;
				}

				assertEquals(random.nextDouble(), segment.getDouble(pos), 0.0);
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Bulk Byte Movements
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testBulkBytePutExceptions() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize / 4 + (pageSize%4)];
			random.nextBytes(bytes);

			// wrong positions into memory segment

			try {
				segment.put(-1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(-1, bytes, 4, 5);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes, 4, 5);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(pageSize, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(pageSize, bytes, 6, 44);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(pageSize - bytes.length + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(pageSize - 5, bytes, 3, 6);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes, 10, 20);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MAX_VALUE - bytes.length + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 11, bytes, 11, 11);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(3 * (pageSize / 4) + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(3 * (pageSize / 4) + 2, bytes, 0, bytes.length - 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(7 * (pageSize / 8) + 1, bytes, 0, bytes.length / 2);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// wrong source array positions / lengths

			try {
				segment.put(0, bytes, -1, 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(0, bytes, -1, bytes.length + 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(0, bytes, Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(0, bytes, Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.put(0, bytes, Integer.MAX_VALUE - bytes.length + 1, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// case where negative offset and negative index compensate each other
			try {
				segment.put(-2, bytes, -1, bytes.length / 2);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testBulkByteGetExceptions() {
		try {
			final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);

			byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize / 4];

			// wrong positions into memory segment

			try {
				segment.get(-1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(-1, bytes, 4, 5);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes, 4, 5);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(pageSize, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(pageSize, bytes, 6, 44);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(pageSize - bytes.length + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(pageSize - 5, bytes, 3, 6);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes, 10, 20);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE - bytes.length + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 11, bytes, 11, 11);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(3 * (pageSize / 4) + 1, bytes);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(3 * (pageSize / 4) + 2, bytes, 0, bytes.length - 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(7 * (pageSize / 8) + 1, bytes, 0, bytes.length / 2);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// wrong source array positions / lengths

			try {
				segment.get(0, bytes, -1, 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(0, bytes, -1, bytes.length + 1);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(0, bytes, Integer.MIN_VALUE, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(0, bytes, Integer.MAX_VALUE, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			try {
				segment.get(0, bytes, Integer.MAX_VALUE - bytes.length + 1, bytes.length);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}

			// case where negative offset and negative index compensate each other
			try {
				segment.get(-2, bytes, -1, bytes.length / 2);
				fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testBulkByteAccess() {
		try {
			// test expected correct behavior with default offset / length
			{
				final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);
				long seed = random.nextLong();

				random.setSeed(seed);
				byte[] src = new byte[pageSize / 8];
				for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
					random.nextBytes(src);
					segment.put(i * (pageSize / 8), src);
				}

				random.setSeed(seed);
				byte[] expected = new byte[pageSize / 8];
				byte[] actual = new byte[pageSize / 8];
				for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
					random.nextBytes(expected);
					segment.get(i * (pageSize / 8), actual);

					assertArrayEquals(expected, actual);
				}
			}

			// test expected correct behavior with specific offset / length
			{
				final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);
				byte[] expected = new byte[pageSize];
				random.nextBytes(expected);

				for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
					segment.put(i * (pageSize / 16), expected, i * (pageSize / 16),
							pageSize / 16);
				}

				byte[] actual = new byte[pageSize];
				for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
					segment.get(i * (pageSize / 16), actual, i * (pageSize / 16),
							pageSize / 16);
				}

				assertArrayEquals(expected, actual);
			}
			
			// put segments of various lengths to various positions
			{
				final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);
				byte[] expected = new byte[pageSize];
				
				for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
					int numBytes = random.nextInt(pageSize - 10) + 1;
					int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - numBytes + 1);
					
					byte[] data = new byte[(random.nextInt(3) + 1) * numBytes];
					int dataStartPos = random.nextInt(data.length - numBytes + 1);
					
					random.nextBytes(data);
					
					// copy to the expected
					System.arraycopy(data, dataStartPos, expected, pos, numBytes);
					
					// put to the memory segment
					segment.put(pos, data, dataStartPos, numBytes);
				}
				
				byte[] validation = new byte[pageSize];
				segment.get(0, validation);
				
				assertArrayEquals(expected, validation);
			}
			
			// get segments with various contents
			{
				final MemorySegment segment = createSegment(pageSize);
				byte[] contents = new byte[pageSize];
				random.nextBytes(contents);
				segment.put(0, contents);

				for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
					int numBytes = random.nextInt(pageSize / 8) + 1;
					int pos = random.nextInt(pageSize - numBytes + 1);

					byte[] data = new byte[(random.nextInt(3) + 1) * numBytes];
					int dataStartPos = random.nextInt(data.length - numBytes + 1);

					segment.get(pos, data, dataStartPos, numBytes);
					
					byte[] expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(contents, pos, pos + numBytes);
					byte[] validation = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, dataStartPos, dataStartPos + numBytes);
					assertArrayEquals(expected, validation);
				}
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Writing / Reading to/from DataInput / DataOutput
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testDataInputOutput() {
		try {
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(pageSize);
			byte[] contents = new byte[pageSize];
			random.nextBytes(contents);
			seg.put(0, contents);

			ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(pageSize);
			DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(buffer);

			// write the segment in chunks into the stream
			int pos = 0;
			while (pos < pageSize) {
				int len = random.nextInt(200);
				len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
				seg.get(out, pos, len);
				pos += len;
			}

			// verify that we wrote the same bytes
			byte[] result = buffer.toByteArray();
			assertArrayEquals(contents, result);

			// re-read the bytes into a new memory segment
			MemorySegment reader = createSegment(pageSize);
			DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(result));

			pos = 0;
			while (pos < pageSize) {
				int len = random.nextInt(200);
				len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
				reader.put(in, pos, len);
				pos += len;
			}

			byte[] targetBuffer = new byte[pageSize];
			reader.get(0, targetBuffer);
			
			assertArrayEquals(contents, targetBuffer);
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testDataInputOutputOutOfBounds() {
		try {
			final int segmentSize = 52;
			
			// segment with random contents
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(segmentSize);
			byte[] bytes = new byte[segmentSize];
			random.nextBytes(bytes);
			seg.put(0, bytes);
			
			// out of bounds when writing
			{
				DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
					
				try {
					seg.get(out, -1, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
	
				try {
					seg.get(out, segmentSize, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
	
				try {
					seg.get(out, -segmentSize, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
	
				try {
					seg.get(out, Integer.MIN_VALUE, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
	
				try {
					seg.get(out, Integer.MAX_VALUE, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
			}

			// out of bounds when reading
			{
				DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[segmentSize]));

				try {
					seg.put(in, -1, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}

				try {
					seg.put(in, segmentSize, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}

				try {
					seg.put(in, -segmentSize, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}

				try {
					seg.put(in, Integer.MIN_VALUE, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}

				try {
					seg.put(in, Integer.MAX_VALUE, segmentSize / 2);
					fail("IndexOutOfBoundsException expected");
				}
				catch (Exception e) {
					assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
				}
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testDataInputOutputStreamUnderflowOverflow() {
		try {
			final int segmentSize = 1337;

			// segment with random contents
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(segmentSize);
			byte[] bytes = new byte[segmentSize];
			random.nextBytes(bytes);
			seg.put(0, bytes);
			
			// a stream that we cannot fully write to
			DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new OutputStream() {
				
				int bytesSoFar = 0;
				@Override
				public void write(int b) throws IOException {
					bytesSoFar++;
					if (bytesSoFar > segmentSize / 2) {
						throw new IOException("overflow");
					}
				}
			});

			// write the segment in chunks into the stream
			try {
				int pos = 0;
				while (pos < pageSize) {
					int len = random.nextInt(segmentSize / 10);
					len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
					seg.get(out, pos, len);
					pos += len;
				}
				fail("Should fail with an IOException");
			}
			catch (IOException e) {
				// expected
			}
			
			DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[segmentSize / 2]));

			try {
				int pos = 0;
				while (pos < pageSize) {
					int len = random.nextInt(segmentSize / 10);
					len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
					seg.put(in, pos, len);
					pos += len;
				}
				fail("Should fail with an EOFException");
			}
			catch (EOFException e) {
				// expected
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  ByteBuffer Ops
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testByteBufferGet() {
		try {
			testByteBufferGet(false);
			testByteBufferGet(true);
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}
	
	private void testByteBufferGet(boolean directBuffer) {
		MemorySegment seg = createSegment(pageSize);
		byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize];
		random.nextBytes(bytes);
		seg.put(0, bytes);

		ByteBuffer target = directBuffer ?
				ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(3 * pageSize) :
				ByteBuffer.allocate(3 * pageSize);
		target.position(2 * pageSize);

		// transfer the segment in chunks into the byte buffer
		int pos = 0;
		while (pos < pageSize) {
			int len = random.nextInt(pageSize / 10);
			len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
			seg.get(pos, target, len);
			pos += len;
		}

		// verify that we wrote the same bytes
		byte[] result = new byte[pageSize];
		target.position(2 * pageSize);
		target.get(result);

		assertArrayEquals(bytes, result);
	}

	@Test
	public void testByteBufferPut() {
		try {
			testByteBufferPut(false);
			testByteBufferPut(true);
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	private void testByteBufferPut(boolean directBuffer) {
		byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize];
		random.nextBytes(bytes);

		ByteBuffer source = directBuffer ?
			ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(pageSize) :
			ByteBuffer.allocate(pageSize);
		
		source.put(bytes);
		source.clear();

		MemorySegment seg = createSegment(3 * pageSize);

		int offset = 2 * pageSize;

		// transfer the segment in chunks into the byte buffer
		int pos = 0;
		while (pos < pageSize) {
			int len = random.nextInt(pageSize / 10);
			len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
			seg.put(offset + pos, source, len);
			pos += len;
		}

		// verify that we read the same bytes
		byte[] result = new byte[pageSize];
		seg.get(offset, result);

		assertArrayEquals(bytes, result);
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  ByteBuffer Ops on sliced byte buffers
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testSlicedByteBufferGet() {
		try {
			testSlicedByteBufferGet(false);
			testSlicedByteBufferGet(true);
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	private void testSlicedByteBufferGet(boolean directBuffer) {
		MemorySegment seg = createSegment(pageSize);
		byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize];
		random.nextBytes(bytes);
		seg.put(0, bytes);

		ByteBuffer target = directBuffer ?
				ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(pageSize + 49) :
				ByteBuffer.allocate(pageSize + 49);
		
		target.position(19).limit(19 + pageSize);
		
		ByteBuffer slicedTarget = target.slice();

		// transfer the segment in chunks into the byte buffer
		int pos = 0;
		while (pos < pageSize) {
			int len = random.nextInt(pageSize / 10);
			len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
			seg.get(pos, slicedTarget, len);
			pos += len;
		}

		// verify that we wrote the same bytes
		byte[] result = new byte[pageSize];
		target.position(19);
		target.get(result);

		assertArrayEquals(bytes, result);
	}

	@Test
	public void testSlicedByteBufferPut() {
		try {
			testSlicedByteBufferPut(false);
			testSlicedByteBufferPut(true);
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	private void testSlicedByteBufferPut(boolean directBuffer) {
		byte[] bytes = new byte[pageSize + 49];
		random.nextBytes(bytes);

		ByteBuffer source = directBuffer ?
				ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(pageSize + 49) :
				ByteBuffer.allocate(pageSize + 49);
		
		source.put(bytes);
		source.position(19).limit(19 + pageSize);
		ByteBuffer slicedSource = source.slice();

		MemorySegment seg = createSegment(3 * pageSize);

		final int offset = 2 * pageSize;

		// transfer the segment in chunks into the byte buffer
		int pos = 0;
		while (pos < pageSize) {
			int len = random.nextInt(pageSize / 10);
			len = Math.min(len, pageSize - pos);
			seg.put(offset + pos, slicedSource, len);
			pos += len;
		}

		// verify that we read the same bytes
		byte[] result = new byte[pageSize];
		seg.get(offset, result);

		byte[] expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 19, 19 + pageSize);
		assertArrayEquals(expected, result);
	}

	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  ByteBuffer overflow / underflow and out of bounds
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testByteBufferOutOfBounds() {
		try {
			final int bbCapacity = pageSize / 10;
			
			final int[] validOffsets = { 0, 1, pageSize / 10 * 9 };
			final int[] invalidOffsets = { -1, pageSize + 1, -pageSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE };
			
			final int[] validLengths = { 0, 1, bbCapacity, pageSize };
			final int[] invalidLengths = { -1, -pageSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE };

			final MemorySegment seg = createSegment(pageSize);

			for (ByteBuffer bb : new ByteBuffer[] {
							ByteBuffer.allocate(bbCapacity), 
							ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(bbCapacity) } )
			{
				for (int off : validOffsets) {
					for (int len : invalidLengths) {
						try {
							seg.put(off, bb, len);
							fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
						}
						catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferUnderflowException ignored) {}
						
						try {
							seg.get(off, bb, len);
							fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
						}
						catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferOverflowException ignored) {}
						
						// position/limit may not have changed
						assertEquals(0, bb.position());
						assertEquals(bb.capacity(), bb.limit());
					}
				}
	
				for (int off : invalidOffsets) {
					for (int len : validLengths) {
						try {
							seg.put(off, bb, len);
							fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
						}
						catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferUnderflowException ignored) {}
	
						try {
							seg.get(off, bb, len);
							fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
						}
						catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferOverflowException ignored) {}
	
						// position/limit may not have changed
						assertEquals(0, bb.position());
						assertEquals(bb.capacity(), bb.limit());
					}
				}
	
				for (int off : validOffsets) {
					for (int len : validLengths) {
						if (off + len > pageSize) {
							try {
								seg.put(off, bb, len);
								fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
							}
							catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferUnderflowException ignored) {}
		
							try {
								seg.get(off, bb, len);
								fail("should fail with an IndexOutOfBoundsException");
							}
							catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | BufferOverflowException ignored) {}
		
							// position/limit may not have changed
							assertEquals(0, bb.position());
							assertEquals(bb.capacity(), bb.limit());
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testByteBufferOverflowUnderflow() {
		try {
			final int bbCapacity = pageSize / 10;
			ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(bbCapacity);
			
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(pageSize);
			
			try {
				seg.get(pageSize / 5, bb, pageSize / 10 + 2);
				fail("should fail with an exception");
			}
			catch (BufferOverflowException ignored) {}
			
			// position / limit should not have been modified
			assertEquals(0, bb.position());
			assertEquals(bb.capacity(), bb.limit());

			try {
				seg.put(pageSize / 5, bb, pageSize / 10 + 2);
				fail("should fail with an exception");
			}
			catch (BufferUnderflowException ignored) {}

			// position / limit should not have been modified
			assertEquals(0, bb.position());
			assertEquals(bb.capacity(), bb.limit());
			

			int pos = bb.capacity() / 3;
			int limit = 2 * bb.capacity() / 3;
			bb.limit(limit);
			bb.position(pos);
			
			try {
				seg.get(20, bb, bb.capacity() / 3 + 3);
				fail("should fail with an exception");
			}
			catch (BufferOverflowException ignored) {}

			// position / limit should not have been modified
			assertEquals(pos, bb.position());
			assertEquals(limit, bb.limit());

			try {
				seg.put(20, bb, bb.capacity() / 3 + 3);
				fail("should fail with an exception");
			}
			catch (BufferUnderflowException ignored) {}

			// position / limit should not have been modified
			assertEquals(pos, bb.position());
			assertEquals(limit, bb.limit());
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}
	
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Comparing and swapping
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testCompareBytes() {
		try {
			final byte[] bytes1 = new byte[pageSize];
			final byte[] bytes2 = new byte[pageSize];

			final int stride = pageSize / 255;
			final int shift = 16666;

			for (int i = 0; i < pageSize; i++) {
				byte val = (byte) ((i / stride) & 0xff);
				bytes1[i] = val;

				if (i + shift < bytes2.length) {
					bytes2[i + shift] = val;
				}
			}

			MemorySegment seg1 = createSegment(pageSize);
			MemorySegment seg2 = createSegment(pageSize);
			seg1.put(0, bytes1);
			seg2.put(0, bytes2);

			for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
				int pos1 = random.nextInt(bytes1.length);
				int pos2 = random.nextInt(bytes2.length);

				int len = Math.min(Math.min(bytes1.length - pos1, bytes2.length - pos2),
						random.nextInt(pageSize / 50 ));

				int cmp = seg1.compare(seg2, pos1, pos2, len);

				if (pos1 < pos2 - shift) {
					assertTrue(cmp <= 0);
				}
				else {
					assertTrue(cmp >= 0);
				}
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testSwapBytes() {
		try {
			final int HALF_SIZE = pageSize / 2;

			final byte[] bytes1 = new byte[pageSize];
			final byte[] bytes2 = new byte[HALF_SIZE];

			Arrays.fill(bytes2, (byte) 1);

			MemorySegment seg1 = createSegment(pageSize);
			MemorySegment seg2 = createSegment(HALF_SIZE);
			seg1.put(0, bytes1);
			seg2.put(0, bytes2);

			// wap the second half of the first segment with the second segment

			int pos = 0;
			while (pos < HALF_SIZE) {
				int len = random.nextInt(pageSize / 40);
				len = Math.min(len, HALF_SIZE - pos);
				seg1.swapBytes(new byte[len], seg2, pos + HALF_SIZE, pos, len);
				pos += len;
			}

			// the second segment should now be all zeros, the first segment should have one in its second half

			for (int i = 0; i < HALF_SIZE; i++) {
				assertEquals((byte) 0, seg1.get(i));
				assertEquals((byte) 0, seg2.get(i));
				assertEquals((byte) 1, seg1.get(i + HALF_SIZE));
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testCheckAgainstOverflowUnderflowOnRelease() {
		try {
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(512);
			seg.free();
			
			// --- bytes (smallest type) --- 
			try {
				seg.get(0);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}

			try {
				seg.get(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}

			try {
				seg.get(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}

			// --- longs (largest type) ---
			try {
				seg.getLong(0);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}

			try {
				seg.getLong(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}

			try {
				seg.getLong(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
				fail("Expecting an IllegalStateException");
			}
			catch (Exception e) {
				assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException || e instanceof NullPointerException);
			}
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}
	
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Miscellaneous 
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

	@Test
	public void testByteBufferWrapping() {
		try {
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(1024);

			ByteBuffer buf1 = seg.wrap(13, 47);
			assertEquals(13, buf1.position());
			assertEquals(60, buf1.limit());
			assertEquals(47, buf1.remaining());

			ByteBuffer buf2 = seg.wrap(500, 267);
			assertEquals(500, buf2.position());
			assertEquals(767, buf2.limit());
			assertEquals(267, buf2.remaining());

			ByteBuffer buf3 = seg.wrap(0, 1024);
			assertEquals(0, buf3.position());
			assertEquals(1024, buf3.limit());
			assertEquals(1024, buf3.remaining());

			// verify that operations on the byte buffer are correctly reflected
			// in the memory segment
			buf3.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
			buf3.putInt(112, 651797651);
			assertEquals(651797651, seg.getIntLittleEndian(112));

			buf3.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
			buf3.putInt(187, 992288337);
			assertEquals(992288337, seg.getIntBigEndian(187));
			
			try {
				seg.wrap(-1, 20);
				fail("should throw an exception");
			}
			catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | IllegalArgumentException ignored) {}

			try {
				seg.wrap(10, -20);
				fail("should throw an exception");
			}
			catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | IllegalArgumentException ignored) {}
			
			try {
				seg.wrap(10, 1024);
				fail("should throw an exception");
			}
			catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException | IllegalArgumentException ignored) {}
			
			// after freeing, no wrapping should be possible any more.
			seg.free();
			
			try {
				seg.wrap(13, 47);
				fail("should fail with an exception");
			}
			catch (IllegalStateException e) {
				// expected
			}
			
			// existing wraps should stay valid after freeing
			buf3.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
			buf3.putInt(112, 651797651);
			assertEquals(651797651, buf3.getInt(112));
			buf3.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
			buf3.putInt(187, 992288337);
			assertEquals(992288337, buf3.getInt(187));
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			Assert.fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testOwner() {
		try {
			// a segment without an owner has a null owner
			assertNull(createSegment(64).getOwner());

			Object theOwner = new Object();
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(64, theOwner);
			assertEquals(theOwner, seg.getOwner());

			// freeing must release the owner, to prevent leaks that prevent class unloading!
			seg.free();
			assertNotNull(seg.getOwner());
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testSizeAndFreeing() {
		try {
			// a segment without an owner has a null owner
			final int SIZE = 651;
			MemorySegment seg = createSegment(SIZE);

			assertEquals(SIZE, seg.size());
			assertFalse(seg.isFreed());

			seg.free();
			assertTrue(seg.isFreed());
			assertEquals(SIZE, seg.size());
		}
		catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			fail(e.getMessage());
		}
	}
	
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	//  Parametrization to run with different segment sizes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	
	@Parameterized.Parameters(name = "segment-size = {0}")
	public static Collection<Object[]> executionModes(){
		return Arrays.asList(
				new Object[] { 32*1024 },
				new Object[] { 4*1024 },
				new Object[] { 512*1024 } );
	}
}